Which Islamic astronomer mathematically proved that the stars were spherical, just like the Sun and Moon? Ibn Rushd (Averroes) false Ibn Al-Haitham (Alhazen) true Ibn Zarqala (Arzachel) false Nur ad-din Al-Betrugi (Alpetragius) false Single Aldebaran, a red giant star whose name comes from the Arabic phrase for "the bright one of the follower," is the brightest star of what constellation? Orion false Scorpio false Canis Major false Taurus true Single The Muslim astronomer Alpetragius proposed that Mercury orbited around the Earth in what type of path? straight false elliptical true spiral false curvilinear false Single What event took place in 1258 that led to the decimation of Baghdad, the then center of astronomical studies in the Islamic world? A catastrophic earthquake false The Great Flood of Tigris false Bubonic Plague epidemic false The Mongol Invasion true Single Ulugh Begh discovered that the Earth's axis is tilted by how many degrees with respect to the vertical? 11.5° false 16.5° false 23.5° true 32.5° false Single Nicolas Copernicus was born and lived in the country that is now known today as? Poland true Italy false France false Hungary false Single Fill in the blanks. Under Pope _______, the Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith proscribed Copernicus' De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium by including it in the Index of Forbidden Books. Urban VIII false Gregory XV false Paul V true Paul III false Single What is the name of the famous observatory from which Tycho Brahe made his meticulous observations of the skies? Vatican false Arcetri false Stefanik false Uraniborg true Single In what book did Kepler first describe the quantitative relationship between a planet's period and its distance from the Sun? Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems false Harmonices Mundi true Starry Messenger false Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium false Single What planet did the space probe Galileo orbit and study in the 1990s? Mars false Jupiter true Saturn false Uranus false Single